There Are No Children Here Essay examples - 1767 Words

Alex Kotlowitzs book, There are No Children Here, is a story about two boys, Pharaoh and Lafeyette Rivers growing in the late 1980s in Henry Horner, a housing project in Chicago. The boys try to retain their youth while they see constant gang violence, death of close friends, their brother in jail and their dad struggling with a drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their turf, and the Rivers family is constantly ducking from shots of gunfire there. They live in an overcrowded apartment with leaky facets, heating problems and animal carcasses in the basement. The boys mother, LaJoe, tries to keep them away from gangs and violence since her eldest children fell to the harsh reality of the neighborhood.†¦show more content†¦According to this theory, external forces can influence the development of emotions. A child can mature a lot quicker when they are placed in an environment where they have to take care of themselves to survive. When tragedy s truck, Pharaoh didnt want to know. He continued to tell his mother he was too young to comprehend it all, as if he were trying to prolong his childhood (Kotlowitz 216). Both boys did recognized at an early age that death occurs frequently in their neighborhood. They had several friends die and they were reminded of this every time gunfire went off outside the apartment. Pharaoh tried to maintain his childhood the best he could and excelled in school as a coping mechanism. Lafeyette, at thirteen, acted as a parent to fill his mothers role when she was out. The government makes one of the biggest contributions to the welfare of the family by providing financial safety. The problem is that the government fails to show any concern for these families unless it is brought to their attention, and even then nothing is changed. The lack of interest by the housing authorities leads to the neglect of Horner for over fifteen years. The rotting carcasses explained the putrid odor rising from the Riverses toilet. It wasnt aborted fetuses, as LaJoe had though. It was dead animals, the stench of rotting fleshShow MoreRelatedThere Are No Children Here Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesThere Are No Children Here The book â€Å"There Are No Children Here† follows the life of two young boys, Pharoah and Lafayette as they battle everyday life in the dangerous neighborhood of Henry Horner. Many of the life events of Pharoah and Lafayette’s book â€Å"There are no Children Here† can be tied to lessons in the book of â€Å"Juvenile Delinquency.† Some of the more prominent themes are macro level theories, critical theory of labeling, juvenile justice system, and drugs and gangs. In this book summaryRead MoreThere Are No Children Here2082 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Chicago Slums: The Other America† Children are great imitators. So give them something great to imitate. (Anonymous)† In the 1980 Chicago slums this quote couldn’t be truer. The slums were/are a terrible place for not just children, but everyone to live. The Henry Horner homes in particular are full of death, drugs, and poverty. This may not seem like the greatest place for children to be raised, but for some, they know nothing different. The constant gang trouble, drug trafficking, and hidingRead MoreAnalysis Of There Are No Children Here1160 Words   |  5 PagesJackson Evans Sociology Dr. Wernet 11/4/17 There are no Children Here The book â€Å"There Are No Children Here† by Alex Kotlowitz details the challenges two young boy’s face by being raised in the inner city housing project (Henry Horner Homes). These challenges stem from racism, discrimination, the social construction of reality, social location, social class, and the deviance theory, which is due to their location and influences at which causes many youths to lead a life of crime. The book focusesRead More There Are No Children Here Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThere Are No Children Here Alex Kotlowitz was a freelance journalist. In 1985 a friend came to him and asked him to write a text for a photo essay he was doing on (children living in poverty) for a Chicago magazine. That is when he met the Rivers brothers, Lafeyette, age ten, and Pharoah age seven. He spent only a few hours with them interviewing for the photo essay. Lafeyette had an impact on Kotlowitz. When asked what he wanted to be, Lafeyette responded with If I grow up, Id like toRead MoreThere Are No Children Here By Kotlowitz Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesIn There Are No Children Here, Kotlowitz describes the experiences of Pharoah and Lafayette to highlight the racist and classist undertones existing within the criminal justice system of Chicago in the late 1980s. This essay will utilize the theory of critical criminology to illustrate the structures of inequality within the criminal justice system and the subsequent marginalization of youth that exists within the Henry Horner community, leadin g to youth deviance and violent crime. Beginning withRead More There are no Children Here Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alex Kotlowitz’s book, There are No Children Here, is a story about two boys, Pharoah and Lafeyette Rivers growing in the late 1980’s in Henry Horner, a housing project in Chicago. The boys try to retain their youth while they see constant gang violence, death of close friends, their brother in jail and their dad struggling with a drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their turf, and the Rivers family is constantly ducking from shots of gunfireRead MoreThere Are No Children Here Essays: Style607 Words   |  3 Pages Style of There Are No Children Here There Are No Children Herenbsp; In Kotlowitzs description of the harsh realities of the Chicago projects, three stylistic elements stand out: his precise narration, his bluntness, and his questionable objectivity. These three elements blend to form a unique style that is particularly well-suited for There Are No Children Here. If there is one thing on which critics agree when discussing this book, it is that Kotlowitz is a brilliant narrator. He has aRead MoreThere Are No Children Here - Book Review1651 Words   |  7 PagesBook Review – There Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz Summary There Are No Children Here is a story of the struggles two preteen boys live with while growing up in the projects. From the first pages the scene is set amongst the all too familiar gun fire blazing through the neighborhood. This story is of eleven year old Lafeyette and nine year old Pharoah dealing with the daily fight for survival in inner-city Chicago circa 1987. The boys are living in an apartment at the Henry HornerRead MoreThere Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesRenee Driver CCJS 454 0101 November 22, 2016 Final Paper There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz, tells a story about the family of LaJoe and Paul Rivers. The book focuses on Lafayette and Pharaoh, two of the younger children in the family, and their interactions with each other, the neighborhood, their family, their friends, and the police. Following the family over three years shows the importance of neighborhood factors when it comes to crime. According to Sampson and Groves (1989)Read MoreThere Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesThere Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz tells the harrowing story of the Rivers family and their shocking experiences living in an underserved Chicago public housing project. The story focuses on Lafayette, a middle school aged boy discovering his identity, Pharoah, an elementary school aged boy with high ambition and goals, and their resilient mother LaJoe. Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization discuss how people can create rationalizations to justify d elinquencies and crimes. Specifically applicable

Adult Obesity As A Public Health Issue - 984 Words

This essay aims to discover and analyse adult obesity as a challenging public health issue in England as it has a detrimental effect on the society. The rationale for choosing adult obesity as a public health issue is to comprehend and develop the knowledge of obesity and its impact on individual’s health and wellbeing to better meet the needs of an obese adult in clinical practice. Obesity will be defined, its trends and the biopsychosocial factors that contribute to an individual’s health and wellbeing will be discussed along with the health inequalities. Furthermore, this assignment will highlight relevant policies and legislation aimed at addressing the health risk and needs of an obese adult. Lastly, this essay will explain the role of a nurse in both promoting and assessing of the health requirements of obese adult and then the conclusion will be drawn summarising the key points of the essay. It is crucial to understand what makes a community healthy, as public health is concerned with health promotion of population rather than an individual focus (Department of Health (DOH) 2012). Wanless (2004) defines public health as a â€Å"science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting through the organised effort and informed of the society, organisations, communities and individuals†. It focuses on an entire population addressing the health needs of the population, working in a partnership with an individual, communities, health worker, health agencies andShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Cost For Obesity Essay809 Words   |  4 Pages Trends in Health Care Cost for Obesity The trend of health care costs is still primarily based on treatment and less on prevention. Adult obesity is a significant cause of preventable chronic diseases and one cause of increased health care costs in the United States. The cost of obesity impacts each state and community. Adult obesity can be associated with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, and some cancers, just to name a few, and account for more than 75 percentRead MorePolicy Priority Issue : The Childhood Obesity Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy priority issue: The childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. In 2013, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated over 42 million. Childhood obesity can cause premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children will grow up to become obese adults and are more likely to develop diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at aRead MoreFighting the Obesity Epidemic in the UK912 Words   |  4 PagesPublic health aims prevention of health problems before they occur and mainly focuses on population rather than individual (Thorbory, 2009). It also helps to improve the health and well being of individuals, communities and the wider population and prevent from mortality and disability (Nursing Times.net, 2013). Prevention such as immunisation and screening, Protection such as safety and protection from abuse and promotion such as health education are the three ma in approaches of public health (RCNRead MoreObesity Is A Complex Process953 Words   |  4 PagesTackling obesity is a complex process that requires a proactive approach and interventions from the individual, society, local authorities, and public health service and partner organisation (PHE 2016f). In response to obesity as a public health issue, the government introduces no of policies, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England (Foresight 2007). Chang4life is a public health campaignRead MoreObesity As A Public Health Campaign958 Words   |  4 Pageslocal authorities, and public health service and partner organisation (PHE 2016e). In response to obesity as a public health issue, the government introduces no of polices, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England. Chang4life is a public health campaign in England, which started in 2009 supported by the Department of Health to tackle growing problem of obesity. This was the first campaignRead MoreObesity : A Social And Economic Impact On Public Health Policy Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity in Adults: Introduction Obesity is defined as the excessive body fat accumulation that negatively impacts adult health conditions. Overweight and obese BMI is between 25 and 30 and 30. In 2010, obesity is a major public health issue that affects one million overweight adults and 400 million obese worldwide. Obesity is associated with risk factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea etc. (Fock Khow, 2013)Read MoreObesity And The Body Weight Ideals1241 Words   |  5 Pagesarbitrary. Obesity to most people globally may be based on societal body weight ideals. Whatever be the definition of obesity any society, the fact remains that, when has a BMI of over twenty nine, health problems begin to pile up. The following data on obesity is quoted from the National Institute of Diabetes and digestive diseases (2012). Adults Age 20 and Older 2 More than two-thirds (68.8 percent) of adults are considered to be overweight or obese. More than one-third (35.7 percent) of adults are consideredRead MoreAdult Obesity : Is The Biggest Public Health Challenges Facing Adult?1449 Words   |  6 Pages Adult Obesity in America Amat Arop Holistic Health Assessment/ NS3321D October 01, 2015 Professor, Jada Adult Obesity in America Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges facing adult in the United State of America today. Excess weight can lead to a number of debilitating conditions including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Obesity is a rapidly increasing problem. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention Fact sheet In the last ten years obesityRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1699 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"More than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese.† (Carroll et al, 2014) The JAMA study reported that 31.8% of young people were overweight or obese. (Carroll et al, 2014) According to the map from the CDC, the most concentrated region of obesity is in the South. (CDC, September 2014) With the rise of obesity come questions as to why Americans are so unhealthy. What exactly classifies a person as obese? A person is considered obese when they attain a body mass indexRead MoreThe Battle Against Obesity Is A Health Issu e Of Great Importance1237 Words   |  5 PagesFor community and public health nurses alike, the battle against obesity is a health issue of great importance. Obesity is shown to be directly responsible for many of the negative health issues we see today. It contributes to higher risk of having chronic disease and poor health (which will be explained). Obesity is a nationwide epidemic stretching across the whole human development spectrum: from childhood obesity, adolescent obesity and adult obesity. The prevalence of children being overweight

Pepita the Life in the Novel Free Essays

In every novel, there is one character that seems to appeal to almost every reader. That one character seems to be the one who although they perished, they should have made it to the end of the novel. They are the lights in a dark novel, and the energy in a boring one. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepita the Life in the Novel or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the Bridge of San Luis Rey, we meet many characters, all of whom have their own value and place in the story line. Yet the one character that did not deserve the same fate as the others was Pepita. Pepita was an orphan girl who was seen in the eyes of the Abbess as having leadership skills. Such a skill would be necessary for her successor. She needed someone who was able to perform all the task that she must now perform, when she could no longer perform them. As a result Pepita was subjected to a kind of molding process. In this process she was assigned to worst task in the orphanage, which taught her administration. She also became a kind of companion for the Abbess, accompaning her on her trips, on which she was educated in the management of women, wards, and how to beg for money. Yet the strangest part of her education was the Abbess’s decision to send her to live with the Marquesa. The Marquesa was a crazy woman who made Pepita’s life even worse then it already was. As her companion Pepita was ignored constantly and lived a life of solitude. Pepita is that life in the novel, she is the only good love that exist in a world of those who either love too much or those who love too little. The Marquesa drove her daughter away, because she loved too much. Although she was able to realize this before she died, it was too late. She was not able to show this newfound love to anyone. In the case of Esteban, he was not able to love anyone else except for Manuel. While Manuel was able to love another, this caused strife between them. When Manuel died he was not able to move on, simply because he only had love for Manuel. Then we have Uncle Pio, another character who loved too much. Uncle Pio had a mindset of his three aims that he simply has to fulfill no matter what happens. This causes him to have a constant longing for the Perichole who satisfies his goals in one shot. He loved her so much, that he wanted to live his life through hers. He did this by becoming a sort of parasite on the Perichole. When he could not longer live off of her because she could not take it anymore, he tried to do it to her son. The Perichole’s son Jaime like Pepita had the true love, but would not be chosen by me, because he was a frail boy who was always sick and had not seen the hardships of life that Pepita had seen. Although he had been through a hard life, it was still not comparable to what Pepita had to go through. Jaime was also very sickly, which probably made him more humble and loved the world around him more. Most people, who have to go through what Pepita went through, end up hating the world and having no more love in their hearts. Yet Pepita was able to still have love in her heart. She was able to even change the heart of the Marquesa, who loved her daughter so much that she drove her away. Her courage is also worth admiring, she did not want to mail the letter to the Abbess, simply because she felt it was not courageous enough. Pepita has a sort of innocence that can only be found in children. All of the other characters have lost their innocence. Pepita also the most potential for becoming the type of person who will want to help others when she gets older. All of the training that the Abbess has given her has not completely failed. She has learned things that will enable her to grow up to become the type of person who others will look up too as a leader and a sort of mother figure. Out of all those that died on the bridge, I would have to say that, Pepita is the most probable one that I would save. How to cite Pepita the Life in the Novel, Essay examples

Discrimination of Asian Americans free essay sample

Thus, in 1917 the acceptance of the Barbour Scholarship for Oriental Women at the University of Michigan was a drastic counter- cultural venture; through it, Asian women were given an invaluable opportunity to obtain a fully funded education at the university so they could return to their home countries with new knowledge and professional skills that would allow them to escape the oppression of their native countries. For centuries, women have been considered subordinate to men, treated as lesser human beings, born only to serve their sexual counterpart.Even in the united States, women did not earn the right to vote until 1 920, and were still treated unequally in the work force and in the society as a whole. In Asia, the perception and treatment of women was no different. From birth, women in Asia were seen as inferior to men. As Katie Curtain describes in Women in China, if a woman gave birth to a daughter and, thus, failed in the task of producing a son to carry on the family name and help support the family financially, she could be cast out of her husbands home, disgraced, and socially ostracizes. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination of Asian Americans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was only her function as a breeder that she attained a tutus in society. In China, women were treated as slaves, forced to have their feet bound in order to restrain them from leaving the home. As Curtain describes, women went through three stages of life: In the first she was under the authority of the father, then under her husband, and finally, if he died, she was subject to her son. Even the symbols of men and women emphasized their social standing. Yin describing women meant dark, evil, and passive, whereas Yang which meant men stood for strong, active, and brave.In Japan, some school-aged girls were taken from their families as in a lave raid, for the purpose of becoming military prostitutes, or comfort women. The schools were used as a source for recruitment, thus dissuading many never to attend school for fear of being taken against their will. Many victims were so young that they had never previously engaged in sexual relations: Like other virgins, Book Sill resisted with all her strength, but was violently deflowered.She ended up covered in blood while screams sounded from the adjoining rooms. As a result Of Confucian ideology, women were excluded from the educational system, and taught how to behave as women ND respectable wives, rather than as self-reliant and independent-thinking individuals. With the collapse of the feudal dynasty, women were eventually permitted to receive an education but only up to the senior level comparable to our high school system today, in which they were taught four subjects: history, geography, arts and natural science.As expressed in Jeanne Visibility and Michele Fielders book Women of the Third World: Imprisoned as they are by their own culture and ignorant of other cultures, the oppression to which women are subjected takes place at every level: their work, their indentation and their r edemption. Through the Barbour Scholarship for Oriental Women at the University of Michigan, women who were oppressed in their native countries were given the ability to overcome their former social standing and receive an unprecedented education.The Barbour Scholarship was established by a University of Michigan alumnus from the class of 1 863, Mr. . Levi Barbour, after observing the lack of educational opportunities for women in Asian countries. In his explanation for creating the scholarship, Mr.. Barbour states: The idea of the Oriental girls scholarship was to bring girls room the Orient, give them Occidental education, and let them take back whatever they find good and assimilate the blessings among the peoples from which they come. These goals promote speculation as to what underlying aims the University had by encouraging the scholars to return home and essentially stimulate Westernizes. In their home countries, as described above, the Barbour Scholars were unable to obtain a high degree of education, much less allowed to become physicians, teachers or other respected professionals. Two Barbour Scholars were previously forced to rues as boys to attend school as there were only boys institutes established in their native countries.To emphasize these womens social standing in Asia, in one instance a woman accepted as a Barbour Scholar came to the University with her feet bound. These drastic instances of inequality occurred more frequently during the early years of the Scholarship, as women from China and Japan were primarily chosen. Bringing these students to the United States in itself was a huge feat for the University of Michigan as anti- minority feelings flourished throughout the nation. Immigrants supplied cheap labor for the work force, thus replacing many higher paid white workers.As whites anger towards immigrants increased, Congress responded with a variety of immigration regulation acts, ensuring whites supremacy and power. In May of 1882, with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese immigrants were no longer permitted to enter the united St ates for up to ten years. The Act further emphasized the anti- immigrant feeling of the citizens by stating that: The master of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within the United States on such vessel, and land r permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any foreign port of place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanors, and or conviction. In 1924, the Johnson-Reed Act further excluded Japanese, Indians and other Asians claiming that they were ineligible for citizenship due to their race and unassailable culture. As Mae M. Angina states in her book Impossible Subjects: The nativity of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century comprised a cultural nationalism in which cultural homogeneity more than race superiority was the principle concern. Whites wanted an all-white society, en with white ideas, beliefs and culture. Immigrants brought diversity and change to the United States, and were thus shunned and unwelcome.This national feeling of resentment towards minorities inevitably presented pro blems for the Universe ¶y in their attempts to bring the Barbour Scholarship students into the country and to enter them in the school. Uniform neatly, the venture continued to have difficulty during the World War II as Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps. Over 1 20,000 Japanese Americans, the majority of whom were born in America, were placed in incarceration camps, accused of being disloyal to the United States. General John L. DeWitt of the Western Defense Command in 1943 expressed the national sentiment: A Saps a Jape.There is no way to determine their loyalty. It makes no difference whether he is an American; theoretically he is still a Japanese and you cant change him. The Japanese Women during this time were thus especially susceptible to discrimination at the University as they had come directly from Japan. The national feeling towards minorities throughout the years of the Barbour Scholarship caused unavoidable robbers for the women as they were faced with not only a new culture, but one in which they were not wanted nor accepted.Although facing continual discrimination, the Scholarship continued to flourish, opening up to countries such as India, the Philippines, Korea, and Turkey in the sasss, and Ceylon, Bulgaria, Syria, and Siam (now Thailand) in future decades. As in Japan and China, the women were equally oppressed in these countries. Thus the Scholarship program at the University enabled them to enter fields of study that were previously closed to them. Over the course of thirty-eight years, veer two-hundred-and-eighty-two women from thirteen countries were given scholarships.Many majored in the fields of medicine, education, English and sociology, with women from certain countries favoring specific majors. Of the scholars from India, 42% chose education, as did 33% from Korea; 53% of those from China showed a preference for medicine, and about 38% from Japan enrolled in English. The vast variety of countries represented and the variety of degrees sought by the Barbour Scholarship recipients gave the University an incomparable diversity and advantage over other schools composed of only a few races.Other University students were surrounded with world representatives, allowing them to learn from each other about the rest of the globe and its many cultures. However, competition between the women also became inevitable, as only a limited amount of scholarships were available to the increasing number of applicants. As more and more countries learned about the Scholarship, tension among the girls naturally fluctuated. The women predictably hoped for girls from their native countries to be accepted over women from other countries, thus instituting unavoidable rivalry.In the later years of the Scholarship, those admitted ere mainly graduate students, expected to have received prior undergraduate education. These women came from mainly Christian schools, open only to the select wealthy few, demonstrating the increase of Western influence in their countries. Many of the previous Barbour Scholars were faculty at these newly developed schools. As Carl Rufus declared in The Quarterly Review, this showed how well the Barbour scholars were able to assimilate the benefits made possible by the vision and idealism of the founder of the scholarships. Whereas in their native countries women had been treated as subordinate human beings and their social standing was equivalent to that of a slave, the Barbour Scholarship opened up the world for these women emphasizing a way of life other than just living to serve their husbands and give birth to sons. Exposed to both academic knowledge as well as American culture on a daily basis, Barbour Scholars were able to realize that they were, in fact, equal to men and thus should not be treated as inferiors to their sexual counterparts.This exposure, however, as previously mentioned, might also be construed as a tool for assimilation as these women were expected to return to their native countries upon compl eting heir educational experience preaching Westernizes. As a goal of the Scholarship, women were more apt to be chosen if they were thought most likely to return to their native land. Thus, upon the completion of their education, the Barbour Scholars ventured home with a M. A, Ph. D. , or M. D. And were requested in many cases to enter as leaders in their specialized fields of study. During his sabbatical, Rufus visited previous Barbour Scholars throughout Asia, documenting each womans contributions. Rufus noted his visit to DRP. Ting, the superintendent to the Penning Hospital for omen and children, built largely through her own effort, who was also in charge of the local city orphanage, and the founder of two schools, and a network that took health care directly to the homes of children.In Tension, Rufus also noted that out of six city commissioners, three were previous Barbour Scholars. Like these women, upon returning to their native countries many of the Barbour Scholars worked at a variety of levels and in committees which bettered the lives of women and children, and their societies as a whole. Professor Rufus in The Quarterly Review continued to document mom of the Barbour Scholars accomplishments, emphasizing the extent to which the Scholarship acted as the nourishing water to a seed in spring enabling these women to bloom and flourish.Miss Shareware Gaga served on a number of national committees as secretary of the All-India Womens Conference for Education and Social Reform; Miss Hi-fang Www who ob tained a Ph. D. , was elected President of the Ginning College, became a member of the United Foreign Missionary Conference team, and helped develop the New Life Movement in the organization of women for war relief; and Miss Me-inning Ting received her M. D. ND returned to China as head surgeon, supervising nurse, and director of Penning Womens Hospital and headed the Chinese delegates to the Pan-Pacific Conference in Honolulu.Professor Rufus sums up the importance of the Barbour Scholarship in the University Record stating: The Barbour Scholarships had helped bring Oriental women from suppression to the Chairmanship of a nations political council, from inferiority to recognition in medical and other learned societies. Throughout history, the Lignite States has expressed the ideal of exceptionalness, feeling superior to all other countries, and essentially leveling that the American way is the right and only way.Beginning with Native Americans, and later immigrants, Christian missionaries specifically felt it their duty to educate and bring these inferior, savage people into the light by converting them to Christianity. The Dates Act of 1862 is just one example through which whites encouraged assimilation, by dividing the Native Ame ricans reservations into plots of land, forcing them to farm, and placing their children in Christian schools. Immigrants faced equal pressure to assimilate, especially during the early twentieth century, as Progressives encouraged Western ideology and Christianity to be taught in the schools. Paula Fast notes in her book Outside In: Minorities and the Transformation of American Education: The school was, of course, the great institution of assimilation. Similarly, although the Barbour Scholarships were tremendously successful in educating women from Asian countries, allowing them to overcome the oppression many women still face today, the way in which women were encouraged and, in a sense, required to return home after four years presents the question, Was there an underlying reason theUniversity encouraged this Scholarship, possibly in the hopes of assimilating western ideas and culture across the globe? As previously mentioned, many of the women accepted to receive the Barbour Scholarship in the latter years of its availability came from Christian mission schools and colleges, especially in Japan, reflecting the continuation of the missionaries work to instill Christianity and Western ideology throughout the world. This objective can not be underestimated, nor ignored .In an article entitled Training Chinese Nurses in Western Ways: Among Colleges Great Contributions, the question s further emphasized as it presents the viewpoint that the Western teachings are the best and that essentially it is so nice of the colleges to teach this method rather than any other. Ata meeting in Peeping Rufus noted that it was called to order with songs from the University of Michigan and stories from the committee members experiences while in the States.This transfer of a Western tradition to Asia emphasizes the way in which Westernizes spread in part because of the Barbour Scholarship. Additionally, at the university itself, Barbour Scholars were placed in: womens dormitories, so hat they could benefit by associating with American girls. As expressed above, Barbarous main purpose of the scholarship was to give the women an opportunity to learn, with the expectation that they would return to their native countries, and assimilate the blessings among the peoples from which they come, thus spreading Western knowledge.From this, it is fair to assume that Western exceptionalness was evident in the reasoning for establishing the scholarship, as the terminology assimilate the blessings describes the university and thus the United States as a great benefactor, rather reflecting the view of superiority. This does not take away from the fact that these women were given an invaluable opportunity to receive higher education and a way out of oppression, but it does raise questions about a possible underlying reason the Scholarship was implemented.

Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay Example

Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use Essay In the short story, â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author presents a recurrent theme of conflict and struggle within African-American Culture, especially with the specific set of time. The specific element of this story that is most significant is characterization and symbolism, which Walker uses to express concern for the differences between these interpretations and uphold one of them, showing that heritage and culture affect the characters everyday life. An encounter used in â€Å"Everyday Use† which could be interpreted as two different approaches or interpretations of African-American Culture, takes place during Dee (One of the daughters of the narrator) returns to visit her mother (Narrator), and younger sister Maggie, â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses on this encounter between the Johnson Family, an argument over the family quilt, leaving the reader with abstract interpretations. Characteristics like appearance, behavior, and decisions help to distingu ish the characters of the story, yet walker uses the same characteristics to give the reader an abstract understanding of the theme. The story is constantly involved on the characterizing of Dee, Maggie, and Mama. The first impression the reader is given of Maggie is her awkward looking appearance and shy nature, described by her mother remarks, â€Å"showing just enough of her thin enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know shes there, almost hidden by the door† (pg 1126). However, Maggie is, like her mother, she honors the memory of her ancestors, she is the only daughter in the family who has learned how to quilt from her grandmother. However that could be because of Maggies introverted nature as noted by Mama â€Å"she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe† (pg.1126). Mama then compares Wangara beauty to Maggies look, she says â€Å"Dee (Wangero) is lighter than We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict and Struggle in Everyday Use specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Argentavis - Facts and Figures

Argentavis - Facts and Figures Name: Argentavis (Greek for Argentina bird); pronounced ARE-jen-TAY-viss Habitat: Skies of South America Historical Epoch: Late Miocene (6 million years ago) Size and Weight: 23-foot wingspan and up to 200 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Enormous wingspan; long legs and feet About Argentavis Just how big was Argentavis? To put things in perspective, one of the largest flying birds alive today is the Andean Condor, which has a wingspan of nine feet and weighs about 25 pounds. By comparison, the wingspan of Argentavis was comparable to that of a small planeclose to 25 feet from tip to tipand it weighed anywhere between 150 and 250 pounds. By these tokens, Argentavis is best compared not to other prehistoric birds, which tended to be much more modestly scaled, but to the huge pterosaurs that preceded it by 60 million years, notably the giant Quetzalcoatlus  (which had a wingspan of up to 35 feet). Given its enormous size, you might assume that Argentavis was the top bird of Miocene South America, about six million years ago. However, at this time, terror birds were still thick on the ground, including descendants of the slightly earlier Phorusrhacos and Kelenken. These flightless birds were built like meat-eating dinosaurs, complete with long legs, grasping hands, and sharp beaks that they wielded on their prey like hatchets. Argentavis probably kept a wary distance from these terror birds (and vice-versa), but it may well have raided their hard-won kill from above, like some kind of oversized flying hyena. A flying animal the size of Argentavis presents some difficult issues, chief of which is how this prehistoric bird managed to a) launch itself off the ground and b) keep itself in the air once launched. Its now believed that Argentavis took off and flew like a pterosaur, unfurling its wings (but only rarely flapping them) in order to catch the high-altitude air currents above its South American habitat. Its still unknown if Argentavis was an active predator of the huge mammals of late Miocene South America, or if, like a vulture, it contented itself with scavenging already-dead corpses; all we can say for sure is that it was definitely not a pelagic (sea-flying) bird like modern seagulls, since its fossils were discovered in the interior of Argentina. As with its style of flight, paleontologists have made a lot of educated guesses about Argentavis, most of which, unfortunately, are not supported by direct fossil evidence. For example, analogy with similarly built modern birds suggests that Argentavis laid very few eggs (perhaps an average of only one or two per year), which were carefully brooded by both parents, and presumably not subject to frequent predation by hungry mammals. Hatchlings probably left the nest after about 16 months, and were only fully grown by the age of 10 or 12; most controversially, some naturalists have suggested that Argentavis could attain a maximum age of 100 years, about the same as modern (and much smaller) parrots, which are already among the longest-lived vertebrates on earth.

Theories of the text- academic summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of the text- academic summary - Essay Example The purpose of stilwell’s chapter on the importance of sound in cinematography and film is not to suggest that audio is more important than the visuals, but to explore why sound plays such an important part in the making of the film and to argue that more attention should be paid to the study of audio. Stilwell begins the analysis of sound by illustrating that sound is very different from light in many respects, although there is a temptation to separate sound (not just in film, but through life) into components like dialogue, effect and music. Stilwell argues that this may not be wise, as these are all intersecting aspects of the same audial landscape. Additionally, the dialogue may often overshadow interpretation of the music and effects, which can be taken on by specialists or often ignored altogether. Stilwell also argues that music and effects often play a more subliminal part for the audience than dialogue, but are integral to the experience of the film and thus should n ot be ignored academically. Stilwell then elaborates into the focus of the chapter: how subjectivity and gender are both part of the interpretation of the audio landscape. ... This idea is backed up by the nature of cinema, including the ‘ego-gratifying identification with the male hero and the libidinal spectacularisation of the female body’ (stilwell, 2005). Stilwell then goes on to argue about the types of sound that can be experienced in the cinematic landscape and how these have semi-formal relationships with gender. In freudian analyses, the male voice is dominant and the female voice is submissive. In this sense, the male voice can be equated to important dialogue (as expressed before, the most noticeable part of the soundscape) and the female voice can be equated to music or effects. The link can be moved further: sound is the ignored feminine and visuals are the dominant masculine part of the film (Stillwell 2005). This aspects makes subjectivity be viewed as a complex concept. The author points out that subjectivity has overlapping meanings. Subjectivity varies according to meanings and can be understood the associated cultural codin g. While female voice in films is associated subjectivity the females are expected to be submissive in many cultures including the western cultures. The author tries to point out that sound, especially hearing, is associated with irrational and emotional aspects. Sound is magnified by its subject, which is music. Music, emotions, and irrationality are highly associated with feminine inherent in culture. The alliance of music, irrationality, and emotion is woven into the psychoanalytic theory (Stillwell 2005). The same alliance has both positive and negative implications, specifically for the female subjectivity. These implications are further extended to

It's Economics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

It's Economics - Assignment Example argument is that there will be an increase in the supply of the natural gas, this will lead to a decrease in the price in the long run, hence consumers will benefit. Thus making the gas fueled track cheaper to use (Taylor et al, p 261). From the Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve, as the prices of the crude oil drop, the firm will operate at an increasing output enjoying the economies of scale as the factors of production are still not fully utilized. This will continue up to the point indicated by the arrow, the minimum efficient scale (MES) where the Long-term Average Cost will start increasing and the operation at that level will lead to cost increasing faster than the output, hence having diseconomies of scale. The Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve for the gas prices will take longer than the one for oil in the economies of scale section as the prices of gas is assumed to drop further from the analysis of Park Company and hence the tractor company will enjoy increased output for a longer time. To maximize profit I will choose to use gas as its Long Run Average Cost LRACs curve stays within the economies of scale section a for long period thus increasing output and maximizing the profit. This is from the fact that the gas prices will drop for a quite longer time. The following information will help to ascertain which of the two theories is true, the world reserves of both the gas and the oil and the political status of the countries which produces them. Some countries may be unfriendly and thus punish the importing country and our company by hoarding the products or increasing the prices. The amount of the world reserves of the both the oil and the gas and which one will supply the demands for long time. The current and the likely future legislation which may favor the use of either of the two products, gas or the oil depending on the effect of on environment. The best strategy for the company is the one that increases the output at the least price

Benhams Manufacturing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Benhams Manufacturing - Essay Example This will impact on increasing the revenue of the company. The same will happen if Benhams manufacturing invests additional finances in their projects. This means that improvement of the status of key resource will work enhance the competitiveness of the company. In reference with the argument from different organizational philosophers, it is evident that the level of expected output from employees is extremely valuable in driving all other resources (Lloyd-Jones & Lewis 2008). This is the reason behind the growing significance of creating a competition advantage through employee training and development. The practice is quite expensive, but the resultant product focuses on long term benefits (Sadler 2011). Benhams manufacturing can highly benefit from training in reference with the above argument. Among the outstanding training, sectors in finance is cost. The training will also over the challenge related to precision in production. If employees learn on the benefit of minimizing cost, both direct and indirect, the company will reduce overheads among other costs. This will have a significant impact on the company following the reduction of expenses (Sadler 2011). Denying employees the chance to access new information that relates to their line of specialization is a dangerous strategy. This will make the company lag behind as their skills do not meet those of the current market, thus not competitive. However, the training process is expensive, and this negatively affects the company’s growth and development. Money that could have been used for the company’s upgrading is directed to the training program. It a time consuming procedure, and this results to a downfall in the amount of output produced by the company. Working hours are scheduled for the training program, and this automatically reflects in the returns. Scheduling time for all employees to

The Relationship between Science and Technology

The Relationship between Science and Technology The word science comes from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. How do we define science? According to Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is knowledge attained through study or practice, or knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world. What does that really mean? Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it. What is the purpose of science? Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality. Most scientific investigations use some form of the  scientific method. You can find out more about the scientific method  here. Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:     Ã‚  Ã‚   Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and     Ã‚  Ã‚   Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society. Due to the nature of contemporary society, the relationship between the domains of science and technology has never been stronger. Science and technology have different purposes, ways of viewing and knowing the world, and thus their relationship is often tense and complex. However, they serve to inform and extend each other in both intended and unexpected ways. Student learning in science and technology can be enhanced through their mutual study. By understanding the differences and relationship between these two domains, students in educational settings will gain an appreciation of the nature of each at a more philosophical level. This is important to the development of a both scientific and technological literacy that will allow for informed citizenship. Technology  is the usage and knowledge of  tools, techniques,  crafts,  systems  or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. The word  technologycomes from the  Greek  technologà ­a  (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±)   tà ©chnÄâ€Å"  (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·), an art, skill or craft and  -logà ­a  (-ÃŽÂ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±), the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline.[1]  The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include  construction technology,medical technology,  information technology, or  high technology. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The  prehistorical  discovery of the ability to control  fire  increased the available sources of food and the invention of the  wheel  helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the  printing press, the  telephone, and the  Internet, have lessened physical barriers tocommunication  and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of  weapons  of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from  clubs  to  nuclear weapons. Technology has affected  society  and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced  economies  (including todays  global economy) and has allowed the rise of a  leisure  class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as  pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of theEarth  and its  environment. Various implementations of technology influence the  values  of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of  efficiency  in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms. Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the  human condition  or worsens it.  Neo-Luddism,  anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such astranshumanism  and  techno-progressivism  view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other  primates  and certain  dolphin  communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations. Introduction Due to the nature of contemporary society, the relationship between the domains of science and technology has never been stronger. Both domains are recognised as key forms of human activity, and stand alongside the arts and social sciences as fundamental to human achievement and expression. Essential to recognising the strength of the relationship between science and technology, is the acknowledgement that neither holds a subservient position. Rather, science and technology work together for the mutual benefit and/or growth of each domain in both intended and unexpected ways. In order to understand the complexity of the relationship between science and technology, it is first important to establish how the two domains differ, particularly given it is these differences that provide the strength of their current alliance. The differentiation between science and technology can be characterised by three key factors: the domains core business (its purpose); its view of what exists in the world (its ontological stance); and how it defines and validates knowledge (its epistemology). The following provides an overview of how these factors are articulated within current understandings of science and technology. Science a brief overview The overriding purpose of science is to explain the natural world through iterative intellectual and investigative practices that involve observations and controlled manipulations of that world. In support of this, science can be most comfortably argued today in terms of a critical realist stance. This reflects a view that things exist in the world and are as they are (Lopez and Potter, 2001). As such, the role of scientists is to interrogate the real things of the natural world in order to construct explanations of them. In keeping with the view of science as a human activity, resulting explanatory texts are embedded in the sociocultural world and as such will be human-mediated representations of the real things. Scientific knowledge therefore, is that which has real things as its referent. For new knowledge to be validated within the domain of science, this knowledge must adhere to logical reasoning and be internally coherent within the dominant paradigm. Alternatively, it must pro vide a substantiated challenge to the paradigm, while still operating within the tolerance levels of the wider domain. It must withstand peer review in order to be represented as a truth. Truth therefore, is not viewed as an absolute within science. Rather scientific truths are, in keeping with pragmatic theory, that knowledge that gains the consensus of experts within the domain. In contrast to traditional views of the existence of a scientific method, contemporary views of scientific methodologies include an understanding of their diversity and flexibility to meet the task at hand. Therefore, investigate methods employed both between, and often within, different subsets of science can differ markedly. Technology a brief overview The purpose of technology is to intervene in the world to produce something other to that which currently exists. It achieves this through iterative intellectual and design-based practices that involve multiple sources of input. These input sources include a mixture of that defined as natural, material, simulated, conceptual, emotional, and imagined. Technologists also draw from the past, current and a range of possible and probable futures. The stance that has been argued as best supporting an understanding of the domain of technology, is that of aprocess ontology. This stance challenges the critical realist notion that things exist as such, and instead argues that processes are what exist, and it is our interaction in process which allows the opportunity to categorise, and thus objectify, things as such (Neuman, 2003). Therefore, from such a technological viewpoint, we are both creators of the material world of technology in clear and tangible ways, and also symbolic creators of th e natural world. Technological knowledge does not attempt to make claims to truth in the same way as scientific knowledge does. Instead it has as its referent, the process of function. What validates technological knowledge therefore is success not truth. However, like science, the success of technological knowledge is determined within technological practice by experts within the domain of technology. Technological practices are situation specific, and therefore are as diverse and varied as the contexts and people involved in the endeavour. How do they relate? Scientific knowledge and methodologies themselves provide a major source of input into the development of technological practices and outcomes. They are also key tools in the establishment of explanations of why technological interventions were, or were not, successful. In short, science can provide powerful explanations for the why and why not behind technological intervention. However, as these interventions rely on more than an understanding of the natural world, they can only provide partial justification for technological practices and outcomes. Technological practices, knowledge and outcomes can provide mechanisms for science to gain a better view of its defined world, and in fact can provide serious challenges to the defining of that world. For example, the development of the technological artefacts that extend the observation capabilities of humans (such as the telescope and microscope), made visible and available new worlds for science to interrogate and explain. The Relationship Between Science and Technology Science, technology and innovation each represent a successively larger category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. Science contributes to technology in at least six ways: (1)new knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological possibilities; (2) source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge base for evaluation of feasibility of designs; (3) research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in research that eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often through intermediate disciplines; (4) practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skills and capabilities eventually useful for technology; (5) creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts; (6) knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new technologies. Middle school students struggle with differentiating between science and technology. Engineers, architects, and others who engage in design and technology  use scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. They also usually have to take human values and limitations into account. This quote comes from Benchmarks, a publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an inspiration for the  National Science Education Standards  (NSES). The  NSESHYPERLINK http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/nses/6d.html#st  Science and Technology standard  has two parts: abilities of technological design and understandings about science and technology. The following resources will help students understand the relationship between science and technology and the differences between the two. Technology and the Environment In this publication, teachers will find resources they can use when building or freshening a unit about the environment. Units about technology and the environment provide excellent opportunities for teachers of technology, science, and mathematics to collaborate. Students to assess the risks and benefits of individual and industrial uses of technology. The converse impact of technology on science is of at least equal importance: (1)through providing a fertile source of novel scientific questions and thereby also helping to justify the allocation of resources needed to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner, extending the agenda of science; (2) as a source of otherwise unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and more difficult scientific questions more efficiently. Specific examples of each of these two-way interactions are discussed. Because of many indirect as well as direct connections between science and technology, the research portfolio of potential social benefit is much broader and more diverse than would be suggested by looking only at the direct connections between science and technology. Science and technology is the best thing society could ever ask for. Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century science has been in progress. Some sectors that have been boosted by science and technology are energy, physical sciences, information and communication. The society has greatly gained with the invention of technology. Infrastructure in the society has grown with the help of science and technology. Modes of transport like electronic railway lines were realized and these actually benefited the society by offering them a better means of transport. In the past, almost everything was analog but thanks to the science and technology we are now being digitalized by the day. The invention of the telephone and radio services has broadened human communication. Without society then there would be no science and technology and that is why the invention of certain tools and equipment have helped achieve big things. Society can not do without the industries we have today. The society needs science and technology. The creation of computers is work of art by individuals was a milestone that would come a long way in helping the society. A computer helps us to leverage ourselves by gaining valuable information that we can use to enrich our lives. The impact of science and technology can seriously be recognized. Many people around the world take for example scholars in colleges and universities have taken the lead examining the relationship between science and technology. The evaluation of this relationship has emerged as an important area of research. Public interest groups and academic organizations throughout the world are recognizing the importance of STS. The reason is that people need to recognize that there are people who are affected by the science and technology. Controversies such as modified foods, stem cell research are the issues that have brought policy makers and scientists together to have a way forward on this. Science and technology has actually largely contributed to the vision of man about himself. Science has been modified the opinion about the origin of man and place of origin too. Through the results of scientific discoveries the perception of man about his behavior and his place of origin has been modified diversly. Experiments in science today are in one way or another affecting the society.Take for example the experiment on cloning a human being. The experiment brought a lot of controversy since the society was skeptical about it. How is science and technology related to society: The developing world has a long tradition of participatory action research, popular education and community organization joining up to solve some science and technology issues that affect the society. How is science and technology related to the society is something that is calling even for the government intervention. Science and technology related issues are actually been discussed worldwide today. Progress in this has resulted to the ability to produce diverse types of material items. Answering the question how science and technology is related to society. Implications for Education in New Zealand From the above, it can be seen that science and technology have a fundamentally different purpose, and different ways of viewing and knowing the world. Just as science and technology work in mutually beneficial ways in the wider contexts of scientific and technological endeavours, within the context of education, their relationship can be profitably explored to enhance learning in both areas. Scientific knowledge and methodologies are useful, and in many cases critical, to students successful undertaking of technological practice and in the development of technological knowledge. Technological knowledge, practices and outcomes in turn can provide useful, and again in many cases critical, tools (both conceptual and material) for scientific practice and the development of scientific knowledge. Technological practices and outcomes can also provide authentic contexts which enable students to develop deeper more meaningful understandings of scientific knowledge and methodologies. However, perhaps even more significantly, exploration of the nature of both science and technology can provide fertile grounds for developing deeper understandings of both through reflecting on the differences between these key areas of being human. The converging boundaries between that perceived as the made and the natural world, the real and simulated, the currently impossible and future probable, all demand students develop such relational cross domain knowledge, in combination with in-depth understandings within both science and technology. This in turn allows for the development of a critical frame essential to the development of scientific and technological literacy that supports students towards informed citizenship.

Levels Of Analysis And The Stu Essay -- essays research papers

Three levels of analysis, each with its own distinct strength, reveals three different ways of understanding international relations. The first states that all nation-states behave similarly, the second emphasizes the unique internal factors of a nation-state, while the third level of analysis focuses on the individual deciding a state’s course of action. Each level of analysis is useful in the study of international relations. Indeed, used all together, it is not long before arriving at a point where a vast number of explanations for the actions of a country are brought to light. However, to best understand international relations, one level of analysis is more useful than the rest, because it provides the most comprehensive investigation into the conditions which influence a nation’s actions. This, most involved level, is the third level of analysis: it takes into account the not simply the individual who ultimately makes the decision, but the individuals who influence the decision-making individual, as well as what might influence those who exert their influence. Because the third level of analysis is so in-depth, it can discover the deeper reasons behind an action taken by a nation, even possibly finding fault in a conclusion made by the first or second level of analysis. More so, what makes this level the best means to understand international relations is that because the third level of analysis considers what influences might effect the decision-making individual, and therefore it can be seen upon a closer examination that the inferences found in first and second levels of analysis can furthermore be found within the third level of analysis. So then, the third level of analysis is the best level at which to approach the study of international relations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As previously stated, the third level of analysis encompasses all the possible influences upon the decision making individual. Unlike level one and level two, the third level of analysis can go beyond the assumption of a monolithic state. In addition, it can do so without losing the ability to consider the state as such. Depending on the model used, the level three analysis can either probe into a deeper dimension to seek out the reasons for a state’s behavior by looking at different groups that influence the decision maker (as in the organi... ...lusions about how and why a county may react; yet, to fully understand what drives these actions it is necessary to take a level three approach. It probes into the depths of the decision making process and exposes the limitless possibilities created by influences and perceptions. And it does this without losing its capacity for a simple approach; thus, giving it a distinct advantage over the other two levels of analysis. Using the chess game analogy, it can focus on each of the individual pieces used in the game, or simply the person playing it. In addition, another advantage of the level three analysis is that it encompasses all the basic elements of the first and second levels because of its capacity to examine the perceptions of the individual originating from their individual applications of the first and second levels of analysis. The level three analysis cuts to the core of the decision making process, and afterall, countries take the course of action that their leaders dec ide. It is only at this level that a full and completely comprehensive understanding can be reached; and therefore, the third level of analysis is the best approach to the study of international relations.

This Blessed House

For example, In today's society we can clearly see that there are many objects geared towards men that are not geared towards women and vice versa. Earrings is an example of this About half of the United States population wear earrings. From day to day I see men,women, teenagers and even babies wearing them, and it is clear to see that some are made for women and not made for men. The earring itself can be used to define a persons sexuality; wearing certain types of earrings could affect the way society looks at you. The general public is programmed to believe objects are gendered.Without these preconceived beliefs objects would Just be objects and would not be used as a determination of human characteristics. From the readings that were assigned from my Gender Women's Studies class and my personal experiences, I learned that objects can be gendered by color, shape, size, and even texture. This lead me to the conclusion that objects have no meaning until society gives it an irrelevan t and often sexist generalized meaning. Gender can come unexpected at any time in life. The situation is that you have to know how to handle it when it sneaks up on you, like it did me.I went to Walter one day, going to look for a pair of earrings, I was stuck in the isle for a while, contemplating on which pair of earrings I should buy. I was torn between two similar types of earrings. Although they were different prices I was still cautious on Just buying the less expensive pair. One pair were studs that had pink rhinestones on It and It was medium sized, while the other pair was less expensive and was also some studs that were medium sized as well. Pasting back and forth in the isle for almost an hour. I decided to call over a consultant.This person was a male employee I ask him which pair of earrings did he prefer to buy and he said the pair that was the cheapest. I was very stunned that he chose the cheaper pair because those were the ones that had the pink rhinestones embedded in them. Thanking him for his assistance and moving on to ask a female consultant about which pair would she prefer to buy and she pick the pair that looked the best and also the pair that happened to be much more expensive. However, after getting their advice I was still puzzled about which pair to buy because I had gotten two totally different opinions.Deciding not to buy any pair, I went home and thought about why was It so difficult for me to choose a simple pair of earrings. It finally donned on me that men and women were confronted with different obstacles. Men are constrained by things that women are not constrained by and women are constrained Day tongs Tanat men are not constrained Day. History Itself shows this For example, women are expected to be the homemaker and the nurturer in contrast with men who are expected to be the bread winners. Americans have been programmed so well that their beliefs become innate. Its similar to Pavlov's experiment with the salivating dogs. He would ring the bell whenever it was time for the dogs to eat and the dogs became so used to it that they would start to salivate whenever they heard the bell ring because they knew it was time to eat. Humans have been trained the same way. We have been programmed since birth to follow these ideals. Even newborn babies are dressed in either blue or pink blankets to display their gender. Courageousness becomes a sign of femininity and muscularity becomes a sign of masculinity. Humans becomes so well trained that muscular or on-curvaceous women are considered to be unfeminine and less attractive to men.The ideals set by society start to control are beliefs and in turn start to control are actions. While sitting at home I stumbled across a book entitled, Introduction to Women's Studies, written by Internal Grew and Careen Kaplan; it had several articles relating to the roles of men and women in human society. There was an article called â€Å"Gender and Consumption,† composed by Bruce Babcock, and it spoke about how men were the production; the ones who produce the money and the women were the consumption; aid to spend up all the money.There was a part in the article where is stated that â€Å"Production was active, led men earning money, and provided them with some form of power exercised through newly created trade unions, for instance† (329). However, it also implied that â€Å"Consumption was more passive, involved spending money, and did not lead to any publicly recognizable forms of power† (329). After reading this article, it had me thinking about the pair of earrings that I left in Walter It left me with the question of what makes men and women different. Men do not care about assign, but when they do it seems that they are categorized as being gay.In this case the government has manipulated the citizen's minds in society to have them think that certain looks are only for certain types of people. But most times men tend to Just buy what every appeals to them the greatest. This is why the male employee chose the cheap pair of earrings, not because he liked pink, but because they were cheaper. Women on the other hand are expected to like more expensive things, so society would refer to them as â€Å"gold diggers. † A lot of advertisers target women cause they know how to manipulate women into buying the most expensive merchandise.A piece called, â€Å"On Gender and Things,† by Newly Dishonor is located in the Gender Women's Studies reader. What Dishonor expresses in this piece is that â€Å"objects can become gendered because innovators anticipate the preferences, motives, tastes, and skills of the potential users, and the cultural norms in society at large† (Reader:65). Dishonor also implies that, â€Å"due to the norms values that are inscribed into a technical artifact, objects can attribute and delegate specific roles, actions, and responsibilities to their users† (Reader:65).Anot her article in this book, called, â€Å"Woman is an Island,† written by Judith Williamson, sells a product, which is pond's cream cocoa butter, and it is made for women only. This product and the earring is related to one another by directing their viewing to a specific audience. For example, in the text of the article, it says that it is meant Tort women to prove teen wilt n ten smoothest Ana sorest silk ever. As Tort a certain type of earring, like the hoop for example, is meant for women only.Men were not looked at in this case because they are looks as being masculine, which means that it is mandatory for their skin to be so called â€Å"rough. † Well, that is what the government says, and the society Just feeds in on this nonsense. For instance, in the article it states that, â€Å"with colonial economies as with the family, capitalism feeds on different value systems and takes control of them, while nourishing their symbolic differences from itself† (314). This again leads me back to earrings because earring type wore can also be based on culture.I wonder if the consultants at Walter knew that the earrings were gendered and that each pair was meant for a man and a women I believe that things like this often go unnoticed. We often fail to notice the sexism involved in the things we do not even realize we believe in. In this 21st century, femininity and masculinity is greatly support by what the government proclaims. Humans constantly let society define what they believe This can all be seen through a simple pair of earrings. Objects are just objects you ultimately decide what they mean for you; they do not have meaning unless you give them meaning.

The Night she ran away

The Night she ran away Free Online Research Papers I wish I could say she talked me into it, or even that helping her was her idea. But for some reason, this time, I decided that helping her runaway would be fun. Dee and I had been best friends since we met in sixth grade. We helped each other through the roughest times of our teenage years, and we were partners in crime. It was a beautiful night-cool breeze, clear sky and I was feeling happy and free. We were driving around in my blue eighty-seven Ford LTD. Which I didnt care that it was just as old as I, or that a battery powered boom box had its place in between us on the seat. I picked Dee up from work around ten oclock and we planned our night out. She was supposed to be home by ten thirty, but whats the worst her mom would do? Dee didnt plan on ever going back anyway. I on the other hand, had told my dad I was staying at a friends house around the block, although I planned on sneaking into my room later on that night. We knew a guy who did piercings out of his house in a part of town that we referred to as the hood, and Dee wanted her eyebrow pierced. We saw no problem with this; who else would pierce a fifteen year olds eyebrow without parental consent in the middle of the night? When we arrived, the house was poorly lit and smelled like dust. There was an old couch with a tacky pattern of flowers in one corner and a computer desk with a kitchen chair in front of it in another. Then there was a cart Dee sat in front of to get pierced. I sat on the corner of the couch closest to the door, while Dee waited to get pierced. As he was cleaning and preparing, we were listening to the scanner in the background. The broadcast that came over the scanner said they were looking for two female runaways age fifteen, driving a blue Ford LTD. We denied that they were talking about us. Dee got her eyebrow pierced, threw up from the blood and we got out of there. While we were enjoying our freedom, little did we know that Dee’s mom realized she never came home, so she called my dad to see if she was with me. My dad called my alleged location and I wasn‘t there. Because Dee had already threatened to run away, the cops were called. They thought we were running away together. Now my gas tank was on empty and I had to get Dee where she was going so I could get home. We stopped at the gas station with only three dollars and headed out of town. Our destination was about thirty minutes away, except ten miles down the highway the three dollars in gas was gone. It wasn’t a busy highway, there was one house around but we got no answer. We decided to flag down the next car we saw to hitch a ride. As soon as I saw the flashing lights, I knew I had made a mistake. At first I panicked and turned to run. After weighing the options, I decided I probably wouldnt get far. The police officer asked our names and immediately knew who we were. He put us in his SUV, me in the back sitting next to his not so cute dog, and Dee in the front. With my palms sweating, my stomach in knots, and my heart pounding, I watched him search my vehicle and waited for the dreaded ride to wherever he was taking us. As he pulled in my driveway, I was slightly relieved yet still scared to face my dad. I walked up the porch stairs with the police officer, my dad waiting for us at the front door. I was crying and waiting to get a scolding. So you can imagine I was surprised as he grinned and said, Welcome home, kiddo, as if he was making fun of me. And then I got grounded for lying about where I was that night. The next night Dee tried to run away again and got locked up in the juvenile detention center. I dont regret the experience because I learned a valuable lesson. No matter how much freedom I had, it was a privilege, and I had to earn it to keep it. Research Papers on The Night she ran awayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Hockey GameNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Spring and AutumnCapital Punishment

buy custom Types of Crime essay

buy custom Types of Crime essay Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data is a reliable set of crime statistics that the United States uses in law enforcement administration, operation and management (Siegel, 2010). The United States has experienced a variety of crimes in the recent times. Such crimes include murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, arson, burglary, motor vehicle theft, robbery and larceny-theft (Siegel, 2010). This discussion will consider the detailed description of the most common crimes that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has provided as UCR data. Murder and non-negligent manslaughter refer to the willful killing in which a person kills another person (Siegel, 2010). The United States use the UCR in the measurement of this crime. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. Murder offenders can be either male or female whose ages range from 5 years to 49 years (Siegel, 2010). Those individuals, who commit murder crime most frequently, are men and women belonging to the age range of 20 years to 24 years old. Most murder victims are eighteen years old or older. Murder incidents can take place in isolated places to avoid interruption. The number of murder incidents is declining gradually (Siegel, 2010). Aggravated assault refers to an offence in which a person unlawfully attacks another, in order to inflict aggravated or severe bodily injury (Siegel, 2010). UCR is crucial in the measurement of this crime. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. Individuals below eighteen years of age can commit aggravated assaults, but most offenders are eighteen years old or older. Most victims of aggravated assault are adults who own weapons. This offence can take place in a variety of places, especially where the victim is alone. However, the number of aggravated assaults is declining gradually (Siegel, 2010) Forcible rape refers to the carnal knowledge of females forcibly and against their wish (Siegel, 2010). This category includes assaults or attempts to commit rape by a threat of force. The measurement of forcible rape includes the presentation of the number of forcible rape as the UCR data. Offenders are usually males who are eighteen years old or older (Siegel, 2010). This is because most men become adolescents when they are about eighteen years old. The victims of the forcible rape can be younger than 18 years of age, but most of them are between 14 to 20 years old or older. Forcible rape usually takes place in isolated places, which are poor lit. The rate of forcible rape in the United States is decreasing in a gradual manner (Siegel, 2010). Robbery refers to an attempt of taking valuable properties from the custody, control, or care of a person by violence or a threat of force (Siegel, 2010). Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. This facilitates the measurement of robbery cases because the findings provide data for computations. This offence includes juveniles, adolescents, and adults as offenders, but adults constitute the largest percentage because they own dangerous weapons such as firearms. Robbery victims are usually adults who own valuable properties such as; money, laptop, or car. Robberies can take place in homes, on the road or in commercial buildings. The rate of robbery crimes increases gradually (Siegel, 2010). Siegel (2010) defines arson as a malicious or willful attempt to burn with or without a purpose to defraud, other peoples properties such as; a dwelling house, aircraft or motor vehicle, or other personal properties. Measurement of arson cases involves the UCR data, which the FBI publishes. The local authorities report the number of robbery cases to the police officers who report the caases to the FBI to publish the findings. Most of the arson offenders are men, and 50 percent of which are 18 years old or younger (Siegel, 2010). Victims of arson are usually adults who own valuable properties, such as buildings or cars. In most cases, the basis of arson is revenge or persecution. Arson can take places in various places such as on the road, in commercial buildings and in homes (Siegel, 2010). Finally, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny-theft are the property crimes, which involve stealing of other peoples properties. Burglary refers to unlawful entry of a building to commit a theft or felony. There has been a decline in the rate of burglary (Siegel, 2010). UCR data show a gradual increase in the rate of burglaries. Motor vehicle theft refers to the theft of a motor vehicle. UCR data show that the rate of motor vehicle theft has been decreasing (Siegel, 2010). Larceny-theft refers to carrying away of properties from the constructive possession or possession of other people. It is evident from the UCR data that the rate of larceny-theft has been declining gradually (Siegel, 2010). Offenders of burglary, motor vehicle theft, and larceny-theft are usually adults who own weapons such as firearms (Siegel, 2010). The measurement of these crimes includes the presentation of the number of criminal cases as the UCR data. These offences can take place in a number of places i ncluding commercial buildings. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) data has made it possible for the United States to measure the rate of crimes that belong both to the violence crime and to the property crime. Computation on the UCR data enables the federal government design ways of reducing crimes. The rate of most crimes decreases year after year because of various control measures that the federal government has put into place (Siegel, 2010). Buy custom Types of Crime essay

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Financial Management - Essay Example The Sainsbury maintains 15 percent share in the company whom as of 2008 employs 150,000 employees. (wikipedia) Circumstances that led to downfall were due to management inefficiencies of strategies. For instance, management believed on the strength of their position in the market cannot be moved. Company made mistakes on decisions that have moved their loyal customers to competitors and erased brand loyalty to the company. These painful experiences which include wrong advertising campaign, brutal treatment of supplies, reluctance to move for quality or value and other indecisions brought down the profitability of the company for the first time. Company is always one step behind competitors (Wikipedia). Using business ratio report, this part of the study will give us n insight on the financial performance of the company against the leading players in the industry sector. This will show the trend, size of the market, growth , competitor analysis with the process of simple benchmarking and will be presented through the League of Tables. 1. Trend. Percentage of sales of Sainsbury on 5 yr period of 0.87 is higher than the industry and sector Table 1. S&P 500 has a higher benchmark but this could not be used as basis as companies in this group are not allied with supermarkets. This also shows the relative strength of Sainsbury in sales performance along with competitors. 2. Company performance. In terms of profitability (Table 7), net profit margin of Sainsbury is higher than the industry and sector both on a yearly and 5 yr average trend. These figures will lead analysts to believe that Sainsbury plc is recovering and performance is leading to growth. This should cause an alarm for both the management and investors and target efforts should be directed for correction in this area. Investors are mostly apprehensive on earnings per share, and one of the reasons for decline or rising of market trading and prices. Table 8 and 9 shows a comparison of

The Problems and Attributes of Nursing Assessment Essay

The Problems and Attributes of Nursing Assessment - Essay Example The first problem was when Jane became agitated, the nurse did not respond properly. Due to Jane’s age, she was thought to have dementia when she complained about feeling locked up. Anybody in an accident can feel locked up when admitted to the hospital. The nurse should have listened to the woman more carefully and tried to soothe her or even have her son come and soothe her. This leads to the most important problem. A patient diagnosed with a concussion should never be sedated. This only causes more confusion and balance loss. It might have been a temporary fix, but in the long run, was detrimental to Jane. Age was a big factor in the nursing style here. It does not matter that Jane was productive with no major problems. The nursing staff did not look past the fact Jane was eighty-three. When Jane stubbornly refused their efforts to feed and bath her, they would sedate her more. Of course, constant sedation would mimic the effects of dementia. If diagnosed and treated with a concussion, all of Jane’s problems would have a different outcome, including her broken femur. Since she was written off as having dementia, Jane was not given a rehabilitation plan. If given a rehabilitation plan, Jane would have been more at ease knowing that she was going home. The sedation confused her more. If fewer sedatives were given and a rehabilitation plan given, Jane probably could have left the hospital before going into the nursing home. Age profiling should not have occurred by the nursing staff. All of Jane’s problems could have been avoided by a different, more understanding nursing approach.

Shifting expectations for budget hotels Literature review

Shifting expectations for budget hotels - Literature review Example Budget hotels are the cost effective hotels that are available to the customers at any part of the world. Compared to the luxury hotels the budget hotels have greater industry competition as they have larger customer base. In this paper the researcher has tried to analyze the current scale of Brighton budget hotel business. The researcher with the help of primary research has tried to find out what are the expectations of the Brighton budget hotel consumers and thus in turn tried to find out the shift of customer’s expectations. The objective of the research is to find out the customers’ expectations from the service industry. For this purpose the difference between budget hotel and non-budget hotel has been analyzed along with the analysis of current scale of Brighton budget hotel business has also been analyzed. Through a primary research the researcher has tried to analyze the shifting expectations of the customers from the budget hotels. The customer expectations in the service industry change more frequently than any other industry. It is tough to keep track of the customer expectations in the service industry than an industry where the main product is goods offering (Hseih et al., n.d., p.4-7). In an industry where the customers only perceive the delivered goods, their expectations don’t change as frequently as it changes in the case of the service industry (Infosys, 2009, p.5-7). There are different kinds of expectations that the customer has from the service industry like the predicted service, adequate service and the desired service. The predicted service is one that the customers expect from the company, that is, the minimum basic services which the company should offer to its customers. The adequate service is the level of service that the company should offer to the customers to meet their needs. . The desired level of service is

Mentorship Meeting Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Mentorship Meeting Worksheet Essay Please complete this sheet with your mentor and submit it to your instructor. Date of Meeting: Meeting Duration: 1. Meeting notes – what was discussed during your meeting? Discipline in your work environment, being responsible with yourself and your coworkers and help the best possible way to help work get done in a moderate time. 2. What issues have you encountered since the last meeting and how did you address them? Sexual harassment in a work environment, 0 tolerance to this issue. You should always listen to both ends no matter what is the circumstance and always give the benefit of the doubt. 3. Discuss a change your mentor implemented and what types of challenges he or she encountered. What were some of the successful and unsuccessful points during the implementation? My mentor told me of a big issue she encounter at her company that lasted for a while, miscommunication between management. Each manager or supervisor was following their own taught and ideas there was no organization and accurate communication with each other. It got to a point where she was thinking of putting her resignation. She took a stand and made some changes and brought to the company professional team from outside, they started to create new policies, laws and regulations for all employees to follow. The success at the end was better communication especially between the managers and at the end the rest of the personnel new what guides and goals to follow to success.

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay

Factors Which Shaped The Development Of Modern Criminology Criminology Essay For years, the symbol of the future has been the coming of new decade; the arrival of new century. Whether the field is medicine, space exploration or criminal justice, that turn of the calendar has held unique fascination. Now as we approach the new decade, a new reality is forming from that fascination. Still distant enough to pique our curiosity but close enough that our expectations and analysis regarding crimes and punishment can be guided by reality, life in the next decade can be the focus of productive, justifiable and practical inquiry (Guha, 1999). Such inquiry can be useful to academics, law enforcers, public officials, planners, student and others for whom the future of crime and punishment is no abstraction but an important stage in their careers and their contributions. Past the year 2009, todays students will be tomorrows expert and have a dedication and experience to carry them into positions of leadership. Education today not only can describe crime and punishment as they are, but also help to prepare student by prompting them to consider what their future might be like (Barry,2003). Discussions: Modern Criminology is one of the fields of study and disciplines about criminals and criminal behavior. The development of the subject attempted to build theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence. The concern of it was focused with the human moral relationship, values and moral status together with its non-human elements. It has become a new philosophical sub-discipline in the early 1970s; it was challenged by classical criminology. Foremost, it instigates the considered moral superiority of humanity to population of other people on the planet. Second, it examined the rational possibility of arguments for providing intrinsic value to the diversity of crimes and punishment elements (Guha, 1999) According to Attigod (2007) over the course of the past centuries, there were visible unrelenting levels of speculation in historical and contemporary literatures about crimes and punishments at the same time that worldwide issues and conflicts. Concurrent to these developments, there has been a new wave of interest directed toward the factors contributing to the development of modern criminology coming out from different aspects of living things through communications, specifically the twist in the valuation and judgment role in society or culture. A study conducted by Barry (2003), he presented that at the start of the new millennium, there were growing number of criteria that began to suggest crimes and punishment as a remedy to the state cauterized of society and culture. Yet, he questioned how can these criteria for works within the new cultural modalities of in the changing and reflexive dialogue and ambiguity? Interest was focused on the importance of providing a framework for understanding the development of crime and punishment. Included in those was the need for examining the education and skills that today students requires to be effective scholars and professionals over the course of their careers. That knowledge, firmly grounded in the present and the past, has guided their efforts to look into the future. Most of these authors do not consider themselves futurists, that is, specialists, speculating about the future. Instead, their effort here are the best appreciated as attempts to extent todays knowledge base modestly forward for a decade and a half and perhaps to influence those who are willing to make daring leaps (Barry, 2003). No matter how qualified experts may be, the rest remains that their musings about the criminology, may, at best, ignore significant issues or, at worst, be little more than fantasies. Careful selection of experts and the tension to detail to avoid such problems, but additional safeguard, also have been included. They began their efforts with general instructions in the intent and directions of the subject. The issues that were debated ranged from the extent to which the subject was best viewed as a direct extension of the present or as likely to mold by other influences to the crime and punishment, moral responsibilities for helping to shape the future (Attigod, 2007). Only some of many crimes that occur received intense attentions from the news media, law enforcement agencies, and the public. White collar crime gets least attention that its innermost costs warrant and arson is rarely the basis of news stories, official investigation and public fear. In recent years, two relatively uncommon forms of crimes serial homicide and the murder of children abducted by strangers, have dominated press reports on crime, television documentaries, police investigations, and popular attentions (Barry, 2003). During the 1980s, the issue of serial murder was established as major social problem, and the stereo typical serial killer become one of the best-known and the most widely feared social enemies. In each case, particular attention should be directed toward the identification of claims-makers, those individuals and groups who attempt to present an issue in a particular way. The study of such claims-makers is central to the constructionists approach to social problems in which the theoretical task is to study how members defines lodge and press claims; how they publicized their concerns, redefine the issue in question in the face of political obstacles, indifference or oppositions; how they enter in alliances which other claim makers (Agar, 2001). The development of the criminology shaped public perceptions of the serial murder problem, crimes, and the means claims and came to the establishment as authoritative. It will be suggested that such an exploration has important implications both for the framing of social problems, and for the study of mass media (James, 2003). The crime, punishment and justice were the philosophical focus of 19th and 20th century, the present criminological approach surfaced as an academic field and discipline in the 1970s. The rethinking and doubt about the human and crime relationship over the last three decades showed an already common perception in the early 1960s that the twentieth century presents with a population time bomb and a major crisis issue (Guha, 1999 Additionally, the historical derivatives of the crime and punishment are linked to overuse and abuse of human rights and nature by maintenance of the humans equality over all other forms of nature and life on earth and by perception of all was formed and created for the justice not only human beings but all form of life in the universe (Barry, 2003). The modern criminology is heavily influenced by ideology and politics, but those influences can be tempered by data. The collection and analysis of information about crime and criminals and about the criminal justice process will play an increasingly important rule in the future. Research, including evaluation studies, therefore becomes an essential component of providing services to the community (Agar, 2001). Such research serves as a foundation on which future policies and procedures can be evaluated and corrective measures taken to improve the delivery of services. In this way, research is more that heuristic. It is now an important ingredient in the process of completing the multiple tasks expected of criminology leaders (Attigod, 2007). The development of modern criminology faces different challenges and issues today, crimes, degradation of natural resources and destruction of human life are some of the issues regarding the subject. There is also destruction of some individual members of human groups and overpopulated species belong to indigenous group which is important for the preservation of our integrity. There are terrorists from different countries across the globe that continually practices heinous crimes to sustain their needs and goals that degrades the quality of human life. In natural settings, there are industries and mining company that utilized open pit mining in some environmental diverse area that causes global climate change. It is often discusses to be morally wrong for every human beings to deplete, destroy and harm any parts of the nature, human life and to large area of the earths natural resources (James, 2003). However, there are expert have asked crimes and justice should impact the places defined in which areas are to be restored, and have questioned over exactly which must be ecological features, terrorism, criminal features, etc. These issues are emerging in human societies, and then an issue also emerges over the laws of the nature and punishments that will show in them, and also of their combination into huge global, regional, political and economic field (Barry, 2003). The political, ethical, and legal confluences of arguments regarding the future of criminology is focused on the emergence of philosophical issues that concern with human rights, resources depletion and the argue over whether an human ethics would be anything new rather than a changes, extension or modification of current ethical philosophies were showed in wider political, environmental and social movements. Fields and areas such as feminism, deep ecology, and social theories are considered to have significant impact on the political development of positions regarding the environment. The importance of this factors impact to the peoples thinking about criminology and has been valued by many environmental scholars and philosophers (Attigod, 2007). Additionally, the focus on the value of justice and the importance of its conservation and preservation has viewed as another significant problem namely that lifestyles in which efforts for crimes and punishment can be valuable demand as a standard of lifestyle that is far across the perception of most of the worlds population. Current political conflicts and geographical differences provide significant challenges to the issue of crimes and justice, the world is now in general as it threatens to widen inequalities and affect human living systems. The justice and ethics is necessary as it involve the interference with the rights of humans and non-human living elements, particularly in relation to access to lifes critical to survival. It also contains questions concerned to whether human should leave considerations to other human to preserve for future generations. That is either of the main activities that are unethical and how their involvements in an activity to misinform the public about political changes in the past decades that have tarnished the environmental moral image (Abram, 1996).   In addition, there are report uses that unethical activities by many organizations were used as justification their strategic planning that will aid the industries. These issues must not only address its criminal and moral concern, but also obtain a global reputation of social corporate responsibility and secure justice viability in the future in spite of modern and new technologies that will underpin the change, social welfare, facilitates and economic development. In contrast, there must be appropriate attention to the development of appropriate law making bodies (Aris, 2008)   Linked between unequal human treatment, destruction of environmental, poverty and the economic situation of the world order have been argued by criminal scholars, political scientists, geographers, development theorists, and economists as well as by philosophers. Links between criminology and economics are well established particularly. I believe that the goal of modern criminology regarding the current political issues is to provide safe and complete set of environment for all living things around the world to improve quality of lives while decreasing impact of human rights depletion and supporting communities (Attigod, 2007). Due to the highly liquid nature of the securities and short maturities, international expansion and globalization of criminal concepts is perceived as a safe place to lock in justice. It serves as instruments characterised by high degree of safety of the principal. The successful implementation of these strategies by international organizations like UN provided more securities and opportunities; there are hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal, such as police strategies, planning, judicial and police activities such as law making and amendments (Barry,2003) It is well known that the criminology system has a disproportionate effect on the poor and on minorities in the United States in that those in whom the coercive power of the state is vested are disproportionately white middle class. The integrity of this system of social control depends on its being fair and equitable. Where disparity exists, we must be certain that it is not the result of either deliberate or unintentional differences in the treatment of citizens. While the modern criminology cannot be expected to address inequities that may exist in the larger society, leaders should contribute to them. Leaders of the field must take responsibility for safeguarding the integrity of punishment system and for working toward the system whose employees are sensitive to the cultures of those caught up in it and served by it (Abram, 1996).   There are also effect directly address the national strategies of certain countries. For instance, very new law and public trust strategies adapt existing management have to controls the new technology and able to manipulate ideas to effectively undertake every present opportunities. Crimes and punishment agencies information has their own commercial organization with the automation of routine functions, specifically judicial and police functions. As technology and globalization become more influential and more effective, judicial and criminal justice strategy gain support in almost all countries and organizational processing. Organizations also emerging in the international treaty in this period, and have been constantly used to back up national strategies and communications (Aris, 2008). National communications have connected criminology and justice more closely to the host nation and law making bodies. The national efforts of different countries worldwide have their own continuity planning aligned with human rights. There is also a determination of national objectives, operations, logistics and development of these strategies, control and evaluation process in measuring the effectiveness of modern criminologys performance. The criminal aspects have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan Moreover, the rate of crimes in different countries has dramatically increased which added some modern features to the development of criminology, international strategy have come to produce to gain influence over the nature and form of the modern organizations. Abreast with the increasing rate on technology and globalization is the increasing complexity and scale of national strategy. These figures added to motivate national strategy and technological strategic planning, as a means to produce the best feature for the country that realizes the best benefit from these laws and punishment accompanied by the concepts and theories in trade as well as the process to create large scale efforts to enter the international system (Barry, 2003). Much of what the modern criminology does can be seen as settling conflicts among citizens. Basic values justice and fairness are central to such system of social control. Anyone working in the punishment system has the obligation to explore such basic values to understand their importance in criminal justice and to understand their meaning and value to them as individuals. Those who work in the modern criminology system must be responsible for their part in that system. Lawyers must not tolerate in justice, the police must not accept brutality, and prison officials must be responsible for prison conditions. For that to be true, we cannot rely on citizens video cameras to exposed and correct the system. Everyone must appreciate the importance of values that make the modern criminology system credible (Aris, 2008). For the successful development of modern criminology and the rate of globalization increased into international scene for more opportunities. There are also hundreds of required detailed decisions to accomplish the goal. In these recent days, the world is experiencing through an epic proportions technological discontinuity, and most of the people us are not even totally prepared. The system paradigm of mass media and mass production is being interchanged by a one-to-one law system which is a new paradigm totally (Abram, 1996).   In developing new criminology strategy, it involves fact finding, analysis, generation of technical and management plan goals, and development of projects to realize these goals. The planning process makes use of tools of international law consulting agencies. From the point of view of sustainable international growth, the construction of national strategies against crimes has been notable international success. While on the criminology continues to mature, global and local law enforces and law making bodies are seeking for opportunities to advance the national interests in a highly competitive environment. This issue has been a subject of many studies and researches on crimes and punishment in these recent years. The idea of the future may seem like an abstraction, looking into it could seem little more than an intellectual exercise. But there are also more practical applications. In personal terms, we can talk about our individual features or, more specifically, our careers in the field of criminal justice. From that perspective, development of criminology involves identifying the types of knowledge and skills that will be needed in 15 or 20 years. That is, preparing for the future means acknowledging that the jobs available today maybe very different tomorrow and that you must prepare not only for your first job in the field that also for leadership positions in the future (Abram, 1996).   In addition, the political abilities of leaders in the criminology field are strengthened by analytical abilities. Never before have these skills been as necessary as they are today and will continue to be, and never before has the capacity to develop these skills been so close at hand. The technological revolution of the 1980s and early 1990s has put computers in nearly every work city. Criminology is a public enterprise. In its most basic form, it involves exercise of coercive powers on behalf of the people. Leaders of the criminology organizations will have to commit themselves to the principles of democracy that is, the openness and to debate over public policy. When police make arrests or when a state executes an offender, it is done on behalf of the citizenry. It is incumbent on those would lead the field to be certain that the citizenry is informed thoughtful in its understanding and expectations of criminal justice policy. This means educating the public about criminal justice in being tolerant of those who would hide the business of justice from their community (Agar, 2001). Along with the need for increased awareness and appreciation of analytical capabilities, there was also a need for those in modern criminology system to have a thorough understanding of the philosophical foundation of the criminal justice system. That includes an understanding of the philosophical positions regarding the roots of crime as well as typical positions regarding justice and fairness in the behavior of individuals and in the process of crimes and punishment (Abram, 1996).   Contemporary views of criminality now stress the integration of both classically oriented assumptions about freewill with more positivistic notions on the etiology of crime. This more modern view requires the acceptance of a new set of assumptions about the nature of crime, the role of the state in the definition of crime, and different implication for crime control. Now, more than ever in the past, research has forced the modern criminology to examine importance of both individual choice and deterministic influences on the cause of crime. Being aware of the importance of pour assumptions about crime allows as to construct policies that are not only more effective, but also more equitable (Aiklo, 2004). Additionally, there are studies focused on patterns of the strategic criminal investigations among its criminals and its importance for the effectiveness of its management plan utilized by the corporation. To have a stronger potential to impact the organizational structure, management, strategies and modern criminology effectiveness compared to its members (Abram, 1996).   Diversity among every people and local situation has become an increasingly more important issue to every organization, people, and organizational productivity. Effective patterns will most likely attract more effective justice; criminal system will also be increased (Aiklo, 2004). In order to minimize the negative effects, if present, the system must ensure that the criminal strategy applied provides the maximum strategic benefit to the citizenry and requires further evolution. These strategies must also be assigned with value in supporting organizational goals; the efficient management of this value can provide greater benefit to the organization (Agar, 2001). The standing/ situation of modern criminology strategies affected by the globalization are studied; the perceptions in the application of these factors affecting the development are also evaluated. After the examination of institutional setting in which these problem occurred, data are collected and found out that changes in the responsibilities inherent in a specific criminal plan of actions, changes in the management strategies and plans required for the proper promotion and as well as the changes in plan prerogatives and effective communication are strongly enhanced by the expansion to international market (Agar, 2001). The impact of their the new system of modern criminology are currently examined and therefore determined that there are significant changes had occurred in the number of factors in the characteristics of judicial planning, in the number and size of the population and in the nature of the crime committed (Aiklo, 2004). These factors discussed are usually implicit in the development of modern criminology, as many organizations and national institutions constructs already exists with the ongoing activities. These factors command and control loop that is present in most existing mechanisms in the world of criminology. These features are effective tools that may be used by any organizations to aid in more effective crime and punishment development in any social settings (Attigod, 2007). Conclusions: Development of Modern criminology is required to facilitate the necessary integration of these judicial and punishment activities so that law enforcer efforts for peace and order are effectively directed and controlled. In these current economic situations the nations and the worlds strategy may be involved planning at several levels of criminology structure. Factors affecting the strategic decision making process of a nation and law making bodies may be the proper developing and maintaining of strategic fit between the punishment and its opportunities. To facilitate growth, the effective integration of methods and philosophies must involve the selection of a tactics to implement punishment and to reach defined goals. Judicial planning differs from other legislative planning in several ways. The plan must involved efficient strategic punishment systems that focus on long term directions and goals. The criminal aspects must have been the direct responsibility of national government and peace keeping body, whereas top management is responsible for the implementation of strategic plans. The advantage of this idea includes the tendency to be detail line by line criminal punishment actions and legal considerations items with tactical approaches that concerned with the rationale used in national plan. One disadvantage of this idea is that the citizens need to adopt a perspective that integrates the proper orientation of laws with tactical benefits of having peace environment. These factors affecting the development of modern criminology s et central commitments for morally responsive concerns, peaceful environment and defined how it can contribute to sustainable growth of the society. The development of the modern criminology builds theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects. Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crimes in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence